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ghed-mcp

A Model Context Protocol (MCP) server that gives AI assistants like Claude direct access to the World Health Organization's Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) — purpose-built for comparative health-financing research.

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What it does

ghed-mcp wraps the WHO GHED all-data workbook in a small set of task-shaped MCP tools so an AI assistant can answer questions like:

• "Build me a health-financing profile for Colombia."
• "Compare out-of-pocket burden across LAC countries since 2000."
• "What's the government priority gradient by World Bank income group?"
• "Decompose Peru's current health expenditure by financing scheme for 2023."

Country names, ISO3 codes, WHO region codes (AFR, AMR, EMR, EUR, SEAR, WPR) and World Bank income labels (Low, Lower-middle, Upper-middle, High) are all accepted, with aliases — region="Americas" and income="UMIC" work the same as the canonical values. Collective aliases match the academic global-health convention: income="LMIC" expands to the union of Low + Lower-middle + Upper-middle (not the World Bank's narrower lower-middle-only definition), and income="MIC" expands to Lower-middle + Upper-middle. CSV export is built in.

Why this exists

Raw access to GHED is technically possible from any LLM — but in practice it's painful: there is no stable documented API, the all-data workbook contains over 4,000 variables across the SHA 2011 accounting framework, indicator codes are cryptic (gghed_che is "domestic general government health expenditure as a share of current health expenditure"), and not every variable is additive (you can't sum percentages or PPP values as accounting identities). ghed-mcp collapses the friction:

• Discovers the latest GHED all data workbook automatically from WHO's Documentation Centre.
• Caches the XLSX locally and builds a derived SQLite database for fast queries.
• Steers the model toward headline INDICATORS first, with detailed SHA series available on demand.
• Knows the additive hierarchies (CHE = HF1+HF2+HF3+HF4+HFnec, GGHE-D = FS1+FS3, …) and validates breakdowns with a sum-vs-parent balance check.

The tool design reflects how health-financing researchers actually work: country profiles, regional and income-group benchmarks, financing-mix decompositions, and metadata for citation.

Install

Requires Python 3.11 or newer. Check yours with python3 --version — on macOS, python3 from system Python is often 3.9, in which case install a current Python via brew install python (or pyenv) before continuing.

git clone https://github.com/Decilion/ghed-mcp.git
cd ghed-mcp
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install -e .

Then register the server with your MCP client.

Claude Code:

claude mcp add ghed /absolute/path/to/.venv/bin/ghed-mcp

Claude Desktop: add to ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json (macOS) or %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json (Windows):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "ghed": {
      "command": "/absolute/path/to/.venv/bin/ghed-mcp"
    }
  }
}

Codex CLI:

codex mcp add ghed -- /absolute/path/to/.venv/bin/ghed-mcp

This writes an entry to ~/.codex/config.toml. List or remove with codex mcp list / codex mcp remove ghed.

Other MCP-compatible clients (Cursor, Cline, Continue, etc.): point them at the ghed-mcp console script in your venv. The MCP protocol is the same across clients — only the registration UI differs.

Restart your client. The ghed server should appear with all tools, the ghed://indicator/{indicator_code}, ghed://methodology, ghed://topics/{topic_id}, and ghed://research-use-cases/{use_case} resources, and the compare_health_expenditure prompt available.

The first call downloads the GHED all-data workbook (~30 MB) and builds a derived SQLite cache under ~/.cache/ghed-mcp/. This takes 2–3 minutes on a fresh laptop; subsequent calls are instant. Set GHED_MCP_CACHE_DIR to relocate.

Tool reference

Tool signatures show the canonical parameter names — the server rejects unknown kwargs (Pydantic extra="forbid"), so getting the names right matters. In particular: country is singular, countries is the list form, year filters are year_start / year_end (not year_from / year_to).

Cache and version

Tool	Signature	Purpose
refresh_cache	()	Download or re-download the public GHED workbook and rebuild SQLite
cache_status	()	Workbook, SQLite cache, source document, and row counts
check_for_updates	()	Compare the cached source document with the current all-data workbook metadata
version	()	Workbook version lines and cache provenance

Methodology and discovery

Tool	Signature	Purpose
methodology_guide	()	GHED variable classes, categories, cautions, and curated topics
topics_index	()	Curated topic map for common health-expenditure questions
research_use_cases	()	Literature-inspired GHED research workflows and recommended variables
suggest_variables_for_research_question	(question)	Map a natural-language research question to likely GHED variables and cautions
list_variable_categories	()	Counts by GHED Codebook category
list_indicators	(skip=0, top=50)	Paginated headline indicators only (category_1 = INDICATORS)
list_variables	(category_1=None, category_2=None, skip=0, top=50)	Paginated full GHED codebook variables
search_indicators	(query, top=50, category_1="INDICATORS", category_2=None)	Search headline indicators by default
search_variables	(query, top=50, category_1=None, category_2=None)	Search all variables, including detailed SHA series
get_indicator_metadata	(indicator_code)	Codebook metadata for one variable

Country resolution

Tool	Signature	Purpose
list_countries	(region=None, income=None, country_group=None)	Countries and territories in the workbook, optionally by group
list_country_groups	()	Available GHED region and income group values
find_country_code	(country)	Resolve a country name fragment or alias to ISO3
get_country_metadata	(country=None, indicator_code=None, top=20)	Source, data-type, and estimation notes from the Metadata sheet
country_profile	(country, year=None, indicator_codes=None)	Latest headline health expenditure values for one country

Data extraction

Tool	Signature	Purpose
get_indicator_data	(indicator_code, country=None, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, latest_only=False, top=1000)	One indicator with optional country/group/year filters
compare_countries	(indicator_code, countries=None, country_group=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, latest_only=False, top=5000, format="rows")	One indicator across countries, returned as tidy rows or CSV
compare_country_group	(indicator_code, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, latest_only=True, top=5000, format="rows")	One indicator across a country group (curated, regional, or income-based)
summarize_country_group	(indicator_code, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year=None, latest_only=True, top_n=5)	Group stats, coverage, top/bottom countries, and mixed-year warnings
indicator_trend	(indicator_code, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, min_year_count=None, min_period_years=None, top=1000)	First/latest country trends for one indicator
compare_trends	(indicator_codes, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, top_per_indicator=1000)	First/latest country trends for multiple indicators
rank_country_changes	(indicator_code, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, metric="absolute_change", descending=True, min_year_count=None, min_period_years=None, top=20)	Rank countries by absolute change, percent change, or CAGR

Research workflows

Tool	Signature	Purpose
data_availability	(indicator_codes, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None)	Availability summary for one or more variables before panel construction
build_research_panel	(indicator_codes, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, top=10000, format="rows")	Tidy long panel for multiple variables, countries, and years
build_research_package	(indicator_codes, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, top=100000)	Export-ready data CSV, codebook CSV, availability CSV, and README text

Quality and accounting checks

Tool	Signature	Purpose
additive_hierarchy	(indicator_code)	Known additive parent-child relationships for a variable
explain_indicator_relationship	(indicator_code)	Classify a variable as total, component, ratio/share, amount, or context series
build_additive_breakdown	(indicator_code, country, year, relationship_id=None)	Country-year breakdown with child sum, shares, and balance check
assess_data_quality	(indicator_code, country=None, countries=None, country_group=None, region=None, income=None, year_start=None, year_end=None, top=20)	Availability, metadata completeness, data-type mix, and caution flags

Resources and prompts

• Resource ghed://indicator/{indicator_code} — readable view of one indicator's metadata
• Resource ghed://methodology — readable methodology guide for variable selection
• Resource ghed://topics/{topic_id} — readable view of a curated topic and its indicator codes
• Resource ghed://research-use-cases/{use_case} — readable view of one research use case
• Prompt compare_health_expenditure(countries, indicator) — guided template for cross-country health-financing analysis

Regional analysis

Both gho-mcp and ghed-mcp expose the same curated country groupings beyond what WHO and the World Bank publish as built-in dimensions. Pass country_group="LAC" (or any of the codes below) on the data tools and the server resolves to the right ISO3 list — without you having to enumerate codes by hand.

Available groups

Code	Definition	Members
LAC	33 sovereign Latin American & Caribbean states (PAHO/Decilion convention)	33
LAC_TERRITORIES	World Bank's 42-economy LAC region — sovereign states plus territories (Aruba, Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, etc.)	42
EAP	World Bank East Asia & Pacific (FY2026)	38
ECA	World Bank Europe & Central Asia	58
MENA	World Bank "Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan" (FY2026)	23
MENA_EXCL_ISR_MLT	MENA without Israel and Malta	21
NAR	World Bank North America (Bermuda, Canada, USA)	3
SAS	World Bank South Asia (FY2026 — without AFG and PAK, now in MENA)	6
SSA	World Bank Sub-Saharan Africa	48
LDC	UN Least Developed Countries	44
OECD	OECD member countries	38

Aliases include natural-language ("Latin America and Caribbean", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Least Developed Countries") and official codes (LCN, SSF, etc.). Two read-only tools — list_curated_country_groups and resolve_country_group_membership — let an assistant inspect or expand the lists at runtime.

Using country_group= on the data tools

country_group= merges (deduplicated) with any explicit countries= list and composes with region / income via AND semantics. Some illustrative calls — the first four work identically on both ghed-mcp and gho-mcp:

compare_countries(indicator_code="oops_che", country_group="LAC",
                  latest_only=True)                               # GHED
compare_countries(indicator_code="WHOSIS_000001", country_group="OECD",
                  year_start=2010, year_end=2023)                 # GHO
list_curated_country_groups()                                     # both
resolve_country_group_membership("LAC")                           # both — returns 33 ISO3 codes

# ghed-mcp also exposes:
build_research_panel(indicator_codes=["che_gdp", "gghed_che"],
                     country_group="OECD", year_start=2000, year_end=2024)
summarize_country_group(indicator_code="ext_che", country_group="LDC",
                        latest_only=True)
list_countries(country_group="LAC", income="High")                # LAC HICs

Curated-group members are soft-resolved: ISO3 codes the underlying source doesn't publish are silently dropped (e.g. LAC_TERRITORIES includes Aruba and Curaçao, which GHED doesn't cover). User-supplied countries= are still strict-resolved, so typos still raise.

Membership cadence

The lists are static Python data baked into each package — no runtime refresh, no separate cache. Users get updates by reinstalling the package.

The LAST_VERIFIED constant in country_groups.py records when each list was last cross-checked against:

• World Bank country and lending groups: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519
• UN Least Developed Countries: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html
• OECD members: https://www.oecd.org/about/document/list-oecd-member-countries.htm

Re-check annually. Known upcoming changes at the time of writing: Bangladesh, Lao PDR, and Nepal are scheduled to graduate from LDC status on 2026-11-24; Solomon Islands on 2027-12-13.

The same country_groups.py file lives in both ghed-mcp and gho-mcp (canonical source: ghed-mcp), so a regional analysis behaves identically against either database.

Examples

Each block below shows a natural-language prompt and a sketch of the underlying tool calls.

Country profile

"Give me a Colombia health-financing profile."

The assistant calls country_profile(country="Colombia") and returns CHE as % GDP, CHE per capita (USD), government share of CHE, OOP share of CHE, external share, GGHE-D as % GDP, and GGHE-D as % GGE — all latest year, with a mixed_reference_years warning if reference years differ.

Comparative LAC analysis

"Compare out-of-pocket burden across the Andean countries since 2000."

The assistant calls:

compare_countries(
    indicator_code="oops_che",
    countries=["Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Bolivia", "Venezuela"],
    year_start=2000,
    latest_only=False,
    format="csv",
)

and gets a CSV ready to drop into any spreadsheet, statistical package, or charting tool.

Income-group gradient

"What's the public health-spending priority gradient by income group in 2022?"

The assistant calls summarize_country_group("gghed_gge", income="upper middle income", year=2022) (and parallel calls for Low / Lower-middle / High), returning median, top-five, and bottom-five for each group with coverage ratios.

Accounting-identity decomposition

"Decompose Peru's CHE in 2023 by financing scheme."

The assistant calls:

explain_indicator_relationship(indicator_code="che")
build_additive_breakdown(
    indicator_code="che",
    country="Peru",
    year=2023,
    relationship_id="che_by_financing_scheme",
)

and returns each child component (HF.1, HF.2, HF.3, HF.4, HF.nec) with its share of the parent and a balance check (balanced: true) confirming the sum reconciles.

From CSV output to analysis tools

compare_countries(..., format="csv") and build_research_package(...) return CSV strings under the csv, data_csv, codebook_csv, or availability_csv keys. Two common downstream paths:

To pandas — for time-series analysis or modelling:

import io, pandas as pd

# csv_text is the value of result["csv"] from compare_countries
df = pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(csv_text))
df["year"] = df["year"].astype(int)
df = df.dropna(subset=["value"]).pivot_table(
    index="year", columns="country_name", values="value"
)
df.plot(title="OOP share of CHE, Andean countries")

To any external tool (Excel, Google Sheets, R, Stata, Tableau, charting platforms, etc.):

with open("data.csv", "w") as f:
    f.write(csv_text)

The columns indicator_code, indicator_name, country_code, country_name, region, income, year, value, unit, currency are tidy-format-friendly and map cleanly into most analysis or visualization workflows. For wide-format / per-country columns, pivot first (pandas snippet above).

Advanced queries

The friendly tools cover headline indicators, country/region/income-group filtering, year ranges, and the most common additive decompositions. For everything else — detailed SHA series by function, provider, disease/condition, cross-tabs, capital, age, COVID-19 reporting items — explore the full codebook with list_variables and search_variables:

list_variables(category_1="HEALTH EXPENDITURE DATA", category_2="HEALTH CARE FUNCTIONS")
search_variables(query="diabetes", category_1="HEALTH EXPENDITURE DATA")

For long-code SHA hierarchies (e.g. sha11.HC, sha11.HP, sha11.HF), use additive_hierarchy(indicator_code=...) — it returns curated codebook formulas first, then inferred direct children from the SHA long-code tree for current-NCU amount variables. Pair with build_additive_breakdown to validate any decomposition for a country-year.

Inspect what each variable actually is before pulling — explain_indicator_relationship(indicator_code) classifies it as additive_parent, component, derived_ratio_or_share, amount_series, or context_or_conversion_series and surfaces interpretation cautions.

Topics covered by topics_index

• core_spending — CHE level and scale (CHE/GDP, CHE per capita USD/PPP)
• government_spending — GGHE-D level, share of CHE, share of GDP, fiscal priority (GGE)
• out_of_pocket — household burden, OOP share of CHE, OOP per capita
• external_aid — external funding for health and donor dependence
• private_spending — private domestic spending and voluntary prepayment
• capital — capital health expenditure (HK)
• primary_health_care — PHC level and share of CHE
• macro_context — GDP, population, exchange rates, PPP conversion factors

research_use_cases adds literature-inspired patterns:

• health_financing_transition — financing-mix change with income, time, or reform
• financial_protection_oop — OOP indicators as macro context for UHC research
• government_priority — government health-spending effort and priority in the public budget
• donor_dependence — external funding dependence and its trajectory
• private_and_voluntary_insurance — private, voluntary, and prepaid arrangements
• services_providers_sha — detailed SHA series by function, provider, scheme, source
• primary_health_care — PHC spending levels and shares

Development

pip install -e ".[dev]"
pytest

Tests use a synthetic GHED workbook fixture; no network access required for the standard suite.

Limitations

• GHED does not expose a stable documented API. This server discovers the current all-data workbook from WHO's Documentation Centre and caches it locally; if WHO changes the directory structure or naming, the discovery logic will need a release.
• First cold start downloads ~30 MB and builds a ~300 MB SQLite cache (2–3 minutes on a typical laptop). Subsequent calls reuse the cache; refresh_cache rebuilds it.
• The all-data workbook contains over 4,000 variables. Detailed SHA series can be sparse for recent years; use data_availability and assess_data_quality before strong claims.
• Variant series (current NCU, constant NCU, current USD, constant USD, PPP, per-capita, %CHE, %GDP, %GGE) are not interchangeable as accounting identities. additive_hierarchy and build_additive_breakdown only validate current-NCU amount variables.
• Aggregate values (regional, income-group, global) are not computed by GHED; this server does not recompute them. Use summarize_country_group for descriptive group statistics across reporting countries.
• Latest years can be preliminary — inspect Version sheet and Metadata notes via version and get_country_metadata.

About the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database

The WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) is the World Health Organization's central platform for internationally comparable data on health spending. It is the authoritative source for indicators on:

• Levels and trends of health expenditure across 195 countries and territories, with most series running from 2000 onward
• System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011) — health expenditure decomposed by financing arrangements, revenues, providers, functions, diseases and conditions, capital formation, and primary health care
• Universal Health Coverage financing context — government share, out-of-pocket burden, external funding, voluntary insurance
• Macro denominators and conversion variables — GDP, population, exchange rates, price indexes — to support per-capita, %GDP, constant-price, and PPP-adjusted analysis
• Country-level metadata — sources, data type (Documented / Estimated / Imputed), methods of estimation, country footnotes — for transparent citation

GHED underpins WHO's Global Spending on Health annual report, Health Accounts country profiles, and the financing chapter of World Health Statistics. The data is free and openly published — through the all-data workbook this server wraps, and through the official GHED portal with its own visualizations and downloads.

This MCP server is plumbing. The data, the indicator definitions, the SHA 2011 methodological work, and the country-level data validation are all WHO's. If you use values retrieved through this server, please:

• Cite WHO as the source. The source block on every data response includes the workbook path, modification time, parameters, and retrieval timestamp to make this straightforward.
• Visit the GHED portal for indicator metadata, methodology notes, and the official visualizations. The MCP exposes the data; the portal provides the canonical context.
• Read the Global Spending on Health annual report for WHO's curated narrative analysis of what the data shows.

GHED is a public good. The most valuable contribution any user can make is to support and reference WHO's underlying data work.

Built by

Decilion — global health consulting across Latin America and the Caribbean, with an applied AI lens.

This server is one of Decilion's open-source contributions to the global health data community. It pairs naturally with gho-mcp for combined GHO + GHED workflows. If you use it in research, a brief acknowledgment is appreciated but not required.

License

MIT — see LICENSE.